作者：海龙海 来源：原创 发布日期：08-25
一 | DETROIT -- Detroit's three automakers have laid off roughly 4,800 workers at factories that are not among the plants that have been hit by the United Auto Workers strikes, which have lasted for nearly four weeks.The companies say the strikes have nevertheless forced them to impose those layoffs. They note that the job cuts have occurred mainly at factories that make parts for assembly plants that were closed by strikes. In one case, layoffs have been imposed at a factory that uses supplies from a parts factory on strike.The UAW rejects that argument. It contends that the layoffs are unjustified and were imposed as part of the companies' pressure campaign to persuade UAW members to accept less favorable terms in negotiations with automakers. The factories that have been affected by layoffs are in six states: Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Kansas, Indiana and New York. Sam Fiorani, an analyst with AutoForecast Solutions, a consulting firm, said he thinks the layoffs reflect a simple reality: The automakers are losing money because of the strikes. By slowing or idling factories that are running below their capacities because of strike-related parts shortages, Fiorani said, the companies can mitigate further losses.“It doesn’t make sense to keep running at 30% or 40% of capacity when it normally runs at 100%,” he said. “We’re not looking at huge numbers of workers relative to the ones actually being struck. But there is fallout.”In a statement, Bryce Currie, vice president of Americas manufacturing at Ford, said: “While we are doing what we can to avoid layoffs, we have no choice but to reduce production of parts that would be destined for a plant that is on strike."UAW President Shawn Fain countered in a statement that the automakers were using layoffs to pressure the union into settling the strike. With billions in profits, Fain argued, the companies don’t have to lay off a single employee.The UAW began striking against General Motors, Ford and Stellantis on Sept. 15, with one assembly plant from each company. The next week, the union expanded the strike to 38 GM and Stellantis parts warehouses. Assembly plants from Ford and GM were added the week after that. All told, about 25,000 workers have walked off their jobs at the three automakers. Striking workers are receiving $500 a week from the union’s strike pay fund. By contrast, anyone who is laid off would qualify for state unemployment aid, which, depending on a variety of circumstances, could be less or more than $500 a week. “Their plan won’t work,” Fain said. “The UAW will make sure any worker laid off in the Big Three’s latest attack will not go without an income.”GM said it has laid off 2,330 workers, including 1,600 at a temporarily closed assembly plant in Kansas City, Kansas, that makes the Chevrolet Malibu sedan and Cadillac XT4 small SUV. The plant uses metal parts produced at the GM plant in Wentzville, Missouri, which is on strike. Other GM facilities that have been affected by layoffs are in Lockport, New York; Toledo, Ohio; Marion, Indiana; Parma, Ohio; and Lansing, Michigan.Ford said it has laid off 1,865 workers. They include 600 auto-body and parts-stamping employees in Wayne, Michigan, who are not on strike but who have been affected by a nearby assembly plant that has been struck. Other Ford locations with layoffs include Chicago; Sterling Heights and Livonia, Michigan; and Cleveland and Lima, Ohio. Stellantis said late Monday that it had laid off about 640 workers, including 520 at an engine factory complex in Trenton, Michigan, that supplies a Jeep plant in Toledo, Ohio, that is on strike. Other locations with layoffs include a metal casting plant in Kokomo, Indiana, and a machining factory in Toledo. Fiorani said that if the strike widens, more workers will likely be laid off at non-striking plants. Once metal stamping factories that supply multiple assembly plants have produced enough parts for non-striking facilities, the companies would likely shut them down.“Once you've filled up the stocks for the other plants you supply," he said, “you have to lay off the workers and wait out the strike.”Separate companies that manufacture parts for the automakers are likely to have laid off workers but might not report them publicly, said Patrick Anderson, CEO of the Anderson Economic Group in Lansing, Michigan. A survey of parts supply companies by a trade association called MEMA Original Equipment Suppliers found that 30% of members have laid off workers and that more than 60% expect to start layoffs in mid-October.Fiorani said that while larger parts suppliers can likely withstand the strike, smaller companies that make parts for the bigger companies might not have enough cash or the ability to borrow to outlast the job actions. Some, he said, may have a couple dozen workers “and don't have billions in value to use as collateral in loans,” he said. Thus far, the union has decided to target a small number of plants from each company rather than have all 146,000 UAW members at the automakers go on strike at the same time.Last week, the union reported progress in the talks and decided not to add any more plants. This came after GM agreed to bring joint-venture electric vehicle battery factories into the national master contract, almost assuring that the plants will be unionized.Battery plants are a major point of contention in the negotiations. The UAW wants those plants to be unionized to assure jobs and top wages for workers who will be displaced by the industry's ongoing transition to electric vehicles.。1月15日，据外媒报道，每天的每一秒，你都会受到来自宇宙深处数万亿次原子粒子的攻击。
二 | 它们在宇宙飓风中穿过你的身体，以接近光速的速度轰击。它们来自整个天空，很容易在白天或晚上穿越地球的大气层。
三 | 然而，我们并没有意识到这一切，似乎是无害的。到底发生了什么？这些微小的电中性粒子叫做中微子。1934年，著名的美籍意大利物理学家恩里科·费米提出了这个术语。在意大利语中，“中微子”的字面意思是“微小的电中性粒子”。中微子的概念实际上是物理学家试图解释一种奇怪的核反应。有时有些元素是不稳定的。如果它们单独存在很长一段时间，它们就会分裂并转化为其他元素。
四 | 准确地说，它们比元素周期表上的其他元素要轻。此外，电子在转变过程中产生。20世纪20年代，物理学家通过对这些衰变过程的仔细观察和分析，发现了一些能量守恒的小现象。换句话说，过程开始时的能量略大于结束时的能量。从数学上讲，这是没有意义的。真奇怪！一些物理学家假设存在一个全新的粒子。
五 | 这些粒子携带着缺失的能量。
六 | 它们很小，很轻，没有电荷。它们可以悄悄地避开探测器的观察。
七 | 用了几十年的时间证明中微子的存在，这些微小粒子的神秘性是显而易见的。1956年，中微子被归类为一类已知的、测量过的、并被结果证实的粒子，事情变得更加奇妙。最合适的“味觉”问题出现在μ子的发现上。有趣的是，当中微子的概念被提出时（20世纪30年代），μ介子也被发现了。μ子几乎和电子一样带电和旋转。它的特点是它的质量大约是电子的200倍，所以可以想象它是一个“加重的”电子。
八 | μ介子参与特定类型的反应，但通常不会持续很长时间。由于μ介子的尺寸很大，因此非常不稳定，并且很快（1到2微秒）衰变为较小的粒子。物理学家已经对这个过程了解很多了，但它与中微子的故事有什么关系呢？物理学家已经注意到，表明中微子存在的衰变反应总是产生一个电子，而不是μ子。在其他反应中，μ子出现，而不是电子。为了解释这些发现，物理学家推测某些中微子（不是其他类型的中微子）在某些衰变反应中总是与电子配对，而μ子必须与一些未发现的中微子配对。毕竟，电子“友好”中微子不能解释对μ介子事件的观察。
九 | 搜索一直持续到现在。到1962年，物理学家终于锁定了第二类中微子。
十 | 起初它被称为中子，但物理学家最终选择了一个更合理的术语，μ介子中微子，因为它总是在反应中与μ介子成对出现。
十一 | 有两种中微子被证明是存在的。自然界还有什么惊喜吗？1975年，斯坦福线性加速器中心（2008年改名为SLAC国家加速器实验室）的研究人员筛选了大量数据，以揭示存在质量大于电子和μ子的基本粒子：τ子。这个粒子的质量是电子的3500倍，它是一个相当大的粒子！所以问题出现了：对于这三种粒子，电子，μ子和μ，除了电子和μ子中微子之外，还有对应于μ的中微子吗？它可能存在，也可能不存在。可能只有两个或四个中微子。也许有17种…自然从来没有完全满足我们的期望，所以现在没有理由得出结论。几十年来，物理学家们通过大量的实验和观察来说服自己，第三中微子应该存在。
十二 | 但直到千禧年，费米实验室的一项特殊实验才最终成功。2000年7月，甜甜圈实验合作项目宣布了中微子的发现。那么，为什么我们如此关心中微子呢？从第二次世界大战到现在，我们已经追了70多年了？为什么一代又一代的科学家对这些微小的电中性粒子如此着迷？原因是中微子继续超出我们的预期。很长一段时间，我们甚至不知道它们是否存在；很长一段时间，我们确信它们根本没有质量，直到实验结果告诉我们这些微小的粒子一定有质量。它们有多少质量仍然是物理学家正在探索的问题。
十三 | 此外，中微子在繁殖过程中振荡“味道”的习性非常烦人，但在产生和检测中微子时，它们有一个清晰的味道。在粒子物理学中，“味觉”是基本粒子的量子数。物理学家们还推测，可能还有另一种中微子，惰性中微子，可以由中微子振荡产生，而无需任何常规的相互作用。物理学家正试图追踪这个神秘的粒子。最近的一些研究和实验异常表明，包括惰性中微子在内的新型中微子可能仍然存在。可以说，中微子不断挑战我们对物理学的了解。无论是在过去还是将来，它们都将是物理学家最需要的挑战之一。
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